| adb | debugger | |
| addbib | create or extend bibliographic database | |
| apply | apply a command to a set of arguments | |
| apropos | locate commands by keyword lookup | |
| ar | archive and library maintainer | |
| as | MC68000/MC68010 assembler | |
| at | execute commands at a later time | |
| awk | pattern scanning and processing language | |
| basename | strip filename affixes | |
| bc | arbitrary precision arithmetic language | |
| biff | notify when mail arrives | |
| binmail | send or receive mail among users | |
| cal | print calendar | |
| calendar | reminder service | |
| cat | concatenate and print files | |
| cb | C program beautifier | |
| cc | C compiler | |
| ccat | compress and uncompress files, and cat them | [ compact, uncompact, ccat ] |
| cd | change working directory | |
| checkeq | typeset mathematics | [ eqn, neqn, checkeq ] |
| checknr | check nroff/troff files | |
| chfn | change entry for finger | |
| chgrp | change group ID of files | |
| chmod | change access modes | |
| chsh | change default login shell | |
| ci | check in RCS revisions | |
| clear | clear terminal screen | |
| cmp | compare two files | |
| co | check out RCS revisions | |
| col | filter reverse line feeds | |
| colcrt | filter nroff output for CRT previewing | |
| colrm | remove selected columns from a file | |
| comm | select or reject lines common to two sorted files | |
| comp | compose a message; MH | |
| compact | compress and uncompress files, and cat them | [ compact, uncompact, ccat ] |
| crypt | encode/decode | |
| csh | a shell (command interpreter) with C-like syntax | |
| ctags | create a tags file of functions and typedefs | |
| date | print and set the date | |
| dbx | debugger | |
| dc | desk calculator | |
| dd | convert and copy a file | |
| deroff | remove nroff, troff, tbl and eqn constructs | |
| df | disk free | |
| diction | print wordy sentences; thesaurus | [ diction, explain ] |
| diff | differential file and directory comparator | |
| diff3 | three-way differential file comparison | |
| dist | redistribute a message to additional addresses; MH | |
| du | summarize disk usage | |
| echo | echo arguments | |
| ed | text editor | |
| edit | base text editor for edit and vi | [ ex, edit ] |
| efl | Extended Fortran Language | |
| egrep | search a file for a pattern | [ grep, egrep, fgrep ] |
| enroll | send secure mail | [ xsend, xget, enroll ] |
| eqn | typeset mathematics | [ eqn, neqn, checkeq ] |
| error | analyze and disperse compiler error messages | |
| ex | base text editor for edit and vi | [ ex, edit ] |
| expand | expand tabs to spaces, and vice versa | [ expand, unexpand ] |
| explain | thesaurus; print wordy sentences | [ explain, diction ] |
| expr | evaluate arguments as an expression | |
| eyacc | modified yacc allowing much improved error recovery | |
| f77 | Fortran 77 compiler | |
| false | provide truth values | [ false, true ] |
| fgrep | search a file for a pattern | [ grep, egrep, fgrep ] |
| file | determine file type | |
| find | find files | |
| finger | user information lookup program | |
| fmt | simple text formatter | |
| fold | fold long lines into shorter lines | |
| folder | set/list current folder/message; MH | |
| forw | forward messages; MH | |
| fp | Functional Programming language compiler/interpreter | |
| fpr | print Fortran file | |
| from | identify mail sender | |
| fsplit | split a multi-routine Fortran file into individual files | |
| gcore | get core images of running processes | |
| gprof | display call graph profile data | |
| grep | search a file for a pattern | [ grep, egrep, fgrep ] |
| groups | show group memberships | |
| head | print first few lines of file | |
| hostid | set or print identifier of current host system | |
| hostname | set or print name of current host system | |
| ident | identify files | |
| inc | incorporate new mail; MH | |
| indent | indent and format C program source | |
| indxbib | find references in a bibliography; build inverted index | [ lookbib, indxbib ] |
| install | install binary files | |
| intro | introduction to commands | |
| iostat | report I/O statistics | |
| join | relational database operator | |
| kill | terminate a process with extreme prejudice | |
| last | indicate last logins of users and teletypes | |
| lastcomm | list previously executed commands in reverse order | |
| ld | link editor | |
| learn | UNIX tutorial | |
| leave | remind the user of time to leave | |
| lex | generator of lexical analysis programs | |
| lint | a C program verifier | |
| lisp | lisp interpreter | |
| liszt | compile a FRANZ LISP program | |
| ln | make links to files | |
| lock | reserve a terminal | |
| login | sign on | |
| look | find lines in a sorted list | |
| lookbib | find references in a bibliography; build inverted index | [ lookbib, indxbib ] |
| lorder | find ordering relation for an object library | |
| lpq | spool queue examination program | |
| lpr | spool output to line printer | |
| lprm | remove jobs from the line printer spooling queue | |
| ls | list contents of directory | |
| lxref | lisp cross reference program | |
| m4 | macro processor | |
| mail | send and receive mail | |
| make | maintain program groups | |
| man | print manual entries | |
| merge | three-way file merge | |
| mesg | permit or deny messages via write | |
| mkdir | make a directory | |
| mkstr | create an error message file from C programs | |
| more | file perusal filter for CRT viewing | [ more, page ] |
| msgs | system messages | |
| mt | pass command to magnetic tape drive | |
| mv | move or rename files | |
| neqn | typeset mathematics | [ eqn, neqn, checkeq ] |
| netstat | show network status | |
| newaliases | rebuild the data base for the mail alias file | |
| next | show the next message; MH | |
| nice | run a command at low priority (sh only) | [ nice, nohup ] |
| nm | print symbol table | |
| nohup | run a command at low priority (sh only) | [ nice, nohup ] |
| nroff | text formatting | |
| od | file dump (octal, decimal, hex, ASCII) | |
| page | file perusal filter for CRT viewing | [ more, page ] |
| pagesize | print size of memory page in bytes | |
| passwd | change login password | |
| pc | Pascal compiler | |
| pdx | Pascal debugger | |
| pi | translate Pascal to interpreter | |
| pix | Pascal interpreter and executor | |
| pmerge | Pascal file merger | |
| pr | print file | |
| prev | show the previous message; MH | |
| print | spool to the line printer using pr | |
| printenv | list the setting of environment variables | |
| prmail | print out mail in the post office | |
| prof | display profile data | |
| prompter | prompting editor front end; MH | |
| ps | report process status | |
| pti | phototypesetter interpreter | |
| ptx | permuted index | |
| pwd | working directory name | |
| px | Pascal interpreter | |
| pxp | Pascal execution profiler | |
| pxref | Pascal cross-reference program | |
| quota | displays disk usage and limits | |
| ranlib | convert archives to random libraries | |
| ratfor | rational Fortran dialect | |
| rcsdiff | compare RCS revisions | |
| rcsintro | introduction to RCS commands | |
| rcsmerge | merge RCS revisions | |
| refer | find and insert literature references in documents | |
| refile | file messages in other folders; MH | |
| repl | reply to a message; MH | |
| reset | reset the teletype bits to a sensible state | |
| rev | reverse lines of a file | |
| rlog | print log messages and other information about RCS files | |
| rm | remove (unlink) files or directories | [ rm, rmdir ] |
| rmail | handle remote mail received via uucp | |
| rmdir | remove (unlink) directories or files | [ rmdir, rm ] |
| rmf | remove folder; MH | |
| rmm | remove messages; MH | |
| roffbib | run off bibliographic database | |
| scan | produce a one-line-per-message scan listing; MH | |
| script | make typescript of terminal session | |
| sed | stream editor | |
| send | send a message; MH | |
| sendbug | mail a system bug report to 4bsd-bugs | |
| sh | Bourne shell: a command language. | [ sh, :, ., break, case, cd, continue, export, for, if, login, read, readonly, times, trap, umask, wait, while ] |
| show | show (list) messages; MH | |
| size | size of an object file | |
| sort | sort or merge files | |
| sortbib | sort bibliographic database | |
| spell | find spelling errors | [ spell, spellin, spellout ] |
| spellin | find spelling errors | [ spell, spellin, spellout ] |
| spellout | find spelling errors | [ spell, spellin, spellout ] |
| split | split a file into pieces | |
| strings | search binary files for ASCII strings | |
| strip | remove symbols and relocation bits | |
| struct | structure Fortran programs | |
| stty | set terminal options | |
| su | substitute user ID temporarily | |
| sum | count file blocks | |
| symorder | rearrange symbol list | |
| sysline | display system status on status line of a terminal | |
| tabs | set terminal tabs | |
| tail | output the last part of a file | |
| talk | write to another user, using windows | |
| tar | tape file archiver | |
| tbl | format tables for nroff or troff | |
| tc | phototypesetter simulator | |
| tee | pipe fitting | |
| test | condition evaluation | |
| time | print a command’s elapsed, system and user times | |
| tk | paginator for the Tektronix 4014 | |
| touch | change modified date of file | |
| tp | manipulate tape archive | |
| tr | translate characters | |
| trman | translate manual macros: version 6 to version 7 | |
| true | provide truth values | [ true, false ] |
| tset | terminal-dependent initialization | |
| tsort | topological sort | |
| tty | display terminal’s name | |
| ul | enable underlining on terminal | |
| uncompact | compress and uncompress files, and cat them | [ compact, uncompact, ccat ] |
| unexpand | expand tabs to spaces, and vice versa | [ expand, unexpand ] |
| uniq | report repeated lines in a file | |
| units | interactive measurement unit conversion | |
| uptime | length of time system has been up | |
| users | compact list of users who are on the system | |
| vi | screen editor based on ex | |
| vlp | format Lisp programs for printing | |
| vmstat | report virtual memory statistics | |
| vpq | raster printer/plotter spooler | [ vpr, vprm, vpq, vprint ] |
| vpr | raster printer/plotter spooler | [ vpr, vprm, vpq, vprint ] |
| vprint | raster printer/plotter spooler | [ vpr, vprm, vpq, vprint ] |
| vprm | raster printer/plotter spooler | [ vpr, vprm, vpq, vprint ] |
| w | lists users and current activity | |
| wait | await completion of processes | |
| wall | write to all users | |
| wc | word count | |
| what | list object module versions used to construct a file | |
| whatis | briefly describe a command | |
| whereis | locate source, binary, and manual for program | |
| which | locate program files including aliases and paths (csh only) | |
| who | who is on the system | |
| whoami | print effective current user ID | |
| write | write to another user | |
| xget | send secure mail | [ xsend, xget, enroll ] |
| xsend | send secure mail | [ xsend, xget, enroll ] |
| xstr | extract strings from C programs to implement shared strings | |
| yacc | yet another compiler-compiler | |
| yes | output string repeatedly | |
| accept | accept a connection on a socket | |
| access | determine accessibility of file | |
| acct | turn accounting on or off | |
| bind | bind a name to a socket | |
| brk | change data segment size | [ brk, sbrk ] |
| chdir | change current working directory | |
| chmod | change mode of file | [ chmod, fchmod ] |
| chown | change owner and group of a file | [ chown, fchown ] |
| chroot | change root directory | |
| close | delete a descriptor | |
| connect | initiate a connection on a socket | |
| creat | create a new file | |
| dup | duplicate a descriptor | [ dup, dup2 ] |
| dup2 | duplicate a descriptor | [ dup, dup2 ] |
| execve | execute a file | |
| exit | terminate a process | [ _exit ] |
| fchmod | change mode of file | [ chmod, fchmod ] |
| fchown | change owner and group of a file | [ chown, fchown ] |
| fcntl | file control | |
| flock | apply or remove an advisory lock on an open file | |
| fork | create a new process | |
| fstat | get file status | [ stat, lstat, fstat ] |
| fsync | synchronize a file’s in-core state with that on disk | |
| ftruncate | set real and effective group ID | [ setregid ] |
| getegid | get group identity | [ getgid, getegid ] |
| geteuid | get user identity | [ getuid, geteuid ] |
| getgid | get group identity | [ getgid, getegid ] |
| getgroups | get group access list | |
| gethostid | get/set unique identifier of current host | [ gethostid, sethostid ] |
| gethostname | get/set name of current host | [ gethostname, sethostname ] |
| getitimer | get/set value of interval timer | [ getitimer, setitimer ] |
| getpagesize | get system page size | |
| getpeername | get name of connected peer | |
| getpgrp | get process group | |
| getpid | get process identification | [ getpid, getppid ] |
| getppid | get process identification | [ getpid, getppid ] |
| getpriority | get/set program scheduling priority | [ getpriority, setpriority ] |
| getrusage | get information about resource utilization | |
| getsockname | get socket name | |
| getsockopt | get and set options on sockets | [ getsockopt, setsockopt ] |
| gettimeofday | get/set date and time | [ gettimeofday, settimeofday ] |
| getuid | get user identity | [ getuid, geteuid ] |
| highpri | make the current process a high priority process | |
| intro | introduction to system calls and error numbers | |
| ioctl | control device | |
| kill | send signal to a process | |
| killpg | send signal to a process group | |
| link | make a hard link to a file | |
| listen | listen for connections on a socket | |
| lseek | move read/write pointer | |
| lstat | get file status | [ stat, lstat, fstat ] |
| mkdir | make a directory file | |
| mknod | make a special file | |
| mmap | maps or unmaps pages | [ mmap, munmap ] |
| mount | mount or remove file system | [ mount, umount ] |
| normalpri | make the current process a normal priority process | |
| open | open a file for reading or writing, or create a new file | |
| pipe | create an interprocess communication channel | |
| plock | lock the current process in core | |
| profil | execution time profile | |
| ptrace | process trace | |
| punlock | unlock the current process | |
| quota | manipulate disk quotas | |
| read | read input | [ read, readv ] |
| readlink | read value of a symbolic link | |
| readv | read input | [ read, readv ] |
| reboot | reboot system or halt processor | |
| recv | receive a message from a socket | [ recv, recvfrom, recvmsg ] |
| recvfrom | receive a message from a socket | [ recv, recvfrom, recvmsg ] |
| recvmsg | receive a message from a socket | [ recv, recvfrom, recvmsg ] |
| rename | change the name of a file | |
| rmdir | remove a directory file | |
| sbrk | change data segment size | [ brk, sbrk ] |
| select | synchronous i/o multiplexing | |
| send | send a message from a socket | [ send, sendto, sendmsg ] |
| sendmsg | send a message from a socket | [ send, sendto, sendmsg ] |
| sendto | send a message from a socket | [ send, sendto, sendmsg ] |
| setgroups | set group access list | |
| sethostid | get/set unique identifier of current host | [ gethostid, sethostid ] |
| sethostname | get/set name of current host | [ gethostname, sethostname ] |
| setitimer | get/set value of interval timer | [ getitimer, setitimer ] |
| setpgrp | set process group | |
| setpriority | get/set program scheduling priority | [ getpriority, setpriority ] |
| setquota | enable/disable quotas on a file system | |
| setregid | set real and effective group ID | |
| setreuid | set real and effective user IDs | |
| setrlimit | control maximum system resource consumption | [ getrlimit, setrlimit ] |
| setsockopt | get and set options on sockets | [ getsockopt, setsockopt ] |
| settimeofday | get/set date and time | [ gettimeofday, settimeofday ] |
| shutdown | shut down part of a full-duplex connection | |
| sigblock | block signals | |
| sigpause | atomically release blocked signals and wait for interrupt | |
| sigsetmask | set current signal mask | |
| sigvec | software signal facilities | |
| socket | create an endpoint for communication | |
| socketpair | create a pair of connected sockets | |
| stat | get file status | [ stat, lstat, fstat ] |
| swapon | add a swap device for interleaved paging/swapping | |
| symlink | make symbolic link to a file | |
| sync | update super-block | |
| syscall | indirect system call | |
| umask | set file creation mode mask | |
| umount | mount or remove file system | [ mount, umount ] |
| unlink | remove directory entry | |
| vfork | spawn new process in a virtual memory efficient way | |
| vhangup | virtually “hangup” the current control terminal | |
| wait | wait for process to terminate | [ wait, wait3 ] |
| wait3 | wait for process to terminate | [ wait, wait3 ] |
| write | write on a file | [ write, writev ] |
| writev | write on a file | [ write, writev ] |
| abort | generate a fault | |
| abs | integer absolute value | |
| atof | convert ASCII to numbers | [ atof, atoi, atol ] |
| bstring | bit and byte string operations | [ bcopy, bcmp, bzero, ffs ] |
| crypt | DES encryption | [ crypt, setkey, encrypt ] |
| ctime | convert date and time to ASCII | [ ctime, localtime, gmtime, asctime, timezone ] |
| ctype | character classification/conversion macros | [ isalpha, isupper, islower, isdigit, isxdigit, isalnum, isspace, ispunct, isprint, iscntrl, isascii, toupper, tolower, toascii ] |
| directory | directory operations | [ opendir, readdir, telldir, seekdir, rewinddir, closedir ] |
| ecvt | output conversion | [ ecvt, fcvt, gcvt ] |
| end | last locations in program | [ end, etext, edata ] |
| execl | execute a file | [ execl, execv, execle, execlp, execvp, exec, exece, exect, environ ] |
| frexp | split into mantissa and exponent | [ frexp, ldexp, modf ] |
| getenv | value for environment name | |
| getgrent | get group file entry | [ getgrent, getgrgid, getgrnam, setgrent, endgrent ] |
| getlogin | get login name | |
| getpass | read a password | |
| getpwent | get password file entry | [ getpwent, getpwuid, getpwnam, setpwent, endpwent ] |
| getwd | get current working directory pathname | |
| insque | insert/remove element from a queue | [ insque, remque ] |
| malloc | memory allocator | [ malloc, free, realloc, calloc, alloca ] |
| mktemp | make a unique file name | |
| monitor | prepare execution profile | [ monitor, monstartup, moncontrol ] |
| nlist | get entries from name list | |
| perror | system error messages | [ perror, sys_errlist, sys_nerr ] |
| popen | initiate I/O to/from a process | [ popen, pclose ] |
| psignal | system signal messages | [ psignal, sys_siglist ] |
| qsort | quicker sort | |
| random | better random number generator; routines for changing generators | [ random, srandom, initstate, setstate ] |
| regex | regular expression handler | [ re_comp, re_exec ] |
| scandir | scan a directory | |
| setgid | set user and group ID | [ setuid, seteuid, setruid, setgid, setegid, setrgid ] |
| setjmp | non-local goto | [ setjmp, longjmp ] |
| setuid | set user and group ID | [ setuid, seteuid, setruid, setgid, setegid, setrgid ] |
| string | string operations | [ strcat, strncat, strcmp, strncmp, strcpy, strncpy, strlen, index, rindex ] |
| swab | swap bytes | |
| syslog | control system log | [ syslog, openlog, closelog ] |
| system | issue a shell command | |
| ttyname | find name of a terminal | [ ttyname, isatty, ttyslot ] |
| valloc | aligned memory allocator | |
| varargs | variable argument list | |
| access | determine accessibility of a file | |
| alarm | execute a subroutine after a specified time | |
| bessel | of two kinds for integer orders | [ bessel functions ] |
| bit | and, or, xor, not, rshift, lshift bitwise functions | |
| chdir | change default directory | |
| chmod | change mode of a file | |
| etime | return elapsed execution time | [ etime, dtime ] |
| exit | terminate process with status | |
| fdate | return date and time in an ASCII string | |
| flmin | return extreme values | [ flmin, flmax, ffrac, dflmin, dflmax, dffrac, inmax ] |
| flush | flush output to a logical unit | |
| fork | create a copy of this process | |
| fortran | introduction to Fortran library functions | [ intro ] |
| fseek | reposition a file on a logical unit | [ fseek, ftell ] |
| getarg | return command line arguments | [ getarg, iargc ] |
| getc | get a character from a logical unit | [ getc, fgetc ] |
| getcwd | get pathname of current working directory | |
| getenv | get value of environment variables | |
| getlog | get user’s login name | |
| getpid | get process id | |
| getuid | get user or group ID of the caller | [ getuid, getgid ] |
| hostnm | get name of current host | |
| idate | return date or time in numerical form | [ idate, itime ] |
| index | tell about character objects | [ index, rindex, lnblnk, len ] |
| intro | introduction to Fortran library functions | |
| ioinit | change f77 I/O initialization | |
| link | make a link to an existing file | |
| loc | return the address of an object | |
| long | integer object conversion | [ long, short ] |
| perror | get system error messages | [ perror, gerror, ierrno ] |
| putc | write a character to a Fortran logical unit | [ putc, fputc ] |
| qsort | quick sort | |
| rand | return random values | [ rand, drand, irand ] |
| rename | rename a file | |
| sleep | suspend execution for an interval | |
| stat | get file status | [ stat, lstat, fstat ] |
| system | execute a UNIX command | |
| time | return system time | [ time, ctime, ltime, gmtime ] |
| topen | f77 tape I/O | [ topen, tclose, tread, twrite, trewin, tskipf, tstate ] |
| unlink | remove a directory entry | |
| wait | wait for a process to terminate | |
| ac | login accounting | |
| accton | system accounting | [ sa, accton ] |
| arff | archiver and copier for floppy | [ arff, flcopy ] |
| bad144 | read/write DEC standard 144 bad sector information | |
| badsect | create files to contain bad sectors | |
| catman | create the cat files for the manual | |
| clri | clear inode | |
| config | build system configuration files | |
| cron | clock daemon | |
| dcheck | filesystem directory consistency check | |
| diskpart | calculate default disk partition sizes | |
| dmesg | collect system diagnostic messages to form error log | |
| dump | incremental filesystem dump | |
| dumpfs | dump filesystem information | |
| edquota | edit user quotas | |
| fastboot | reboot/halt the system without checking the disks | [ fastboot, fasthalt ] |
| flcopy | archiver and copier for floppy | [ arff, flcopy ] |
| fsck | filesystem consistency check and interactive repair | |
| getty | set terminal mode | |
| halt | stop the processor | |
| htable | convert NIC standard format host tables | |
| icheck | filesystem storage consistency check | |
| init | process control initialization | |
| intro | introduction to system maintenance and operation commands | |
| kgmon | generate a dump of the operating system’s profile buffers | |
| lpc | line printer control program | |
| lpd | line printer daemon | |
| makedev | make system special files | |
| makekey | generate encryption key | |
| mkfs | construct a filesystem | |
| mklost+found | make a lost+found directory for fsck | |
| mknod | build special file | |
| mkproto | construct a prototype filesystem | |
| mount | mount and dismount filesystem | [ mount, umount ] |
| ncheck | generate names from i-numbers | |
| newfs | construct a new filesystem | |
| pac | printer/plotter accounting information | |
| pstat | print system facts | |
| quot | summarize filesystem ownership | |
| quotacheck | filesystem quota consistency checker | |
| quotaoff | enable/disable filesystem quotas | [ quotaon, quotaoff ] |
| quotaon | enable/disable filesystem quotas | [ quotaon, quotaoff ] |
| rc | command script for auto-reboot and daemons | |
| reboot | UNIX bootstrapping procedures | |
| renice | alter priority of running processes | |
| repquota | summarize quotas for a filesystem | |
| restore | incremental filesystem restore | |
| rxformat | format floppy disks | |
| sa | system accounting | [ sa, accton ] |
| sendmail | send mail over the internet | |
| shutdown | close down the system at a given time | |
| sticky | executable files with persistent text | |
| swapon | specify additional device for paging and swapping | |
| sync | update the super block | |
| syslog | log systems messages | |
| tunefs | tune up an existing filesystem | |
| umount | mount and dismount filesystem | [ mount, umount ] |
| update | periodically update the super block | |
| vipw | edit the password file | |