Manual — UNIX 4.1BSD

cxref
diffdir
iul
ssp
termlib
tra
uulog

1 (intro)

adb	debugger
apl	an apl interpreter
apropos	locate commands by keyword lookup
ar	archive and library maintainer
as	assembler
at	execute commands at a later time
awk	pattern scanning and processing language
basename	strip filename affixes
bc	arbitrary-precision arithmetic language
biff	be notified if mail arrives and who it is from
binmail	send or receive mail among users	[ mail ]
cal	print calendar
calendar	reminder service
cat	catenate and print
cb	C program beautifier
cc	C compiler
ccat	compress and uncompress files, and cat them	[ compact, uncompact, ccat ]
cd	change working directory
checknr	check nroff/troff files
chfn	change full name of user
chmod	change mode
chsh	change default login shell
cifplot	CIF interpreter and plotter
clear	clear terminal screen
cmp	compare two files
col	filter reverse line feeds
colcrt	filter nroff output for CRT previewing
colrm	remove columns from a file
comm	select or reject lines common to two sorted files
compact	compress and uncompress files, and cat them	[ compact, uncompact, ccat ]
cp	copy
crypt	encode/decode
csh	a shell (command interpreter) with C-like syntax
ctags	create a tags file
date	print and set the date
dc	desk calculator
dd	convert and copy a file
deroff	remove nroff, troff, tbl and eqn constructs
df	disk free
diction	print wordy sentences; thesaurus for diction	[ diction, explain ]
diff	differential file and directory comparator
diff3	3-way differential file comparison
diffh	differential file and directory comparator	[ diff ]
du	summarize disk usage
echo	echo arguments
ed	text editor
edit	text editor	[ ex, edit ]
efl	Extended Fortran Language
egrep	search a file for a pattern	[ grep, egrep, fgrep ]
enroll	secret mail	[ xsend, xget, enroll ]
eqn	typeset mathematics	[ eqn, neqn, checkeq ]
error	analyze and disperse compiler error messages
ex	text editor	[ ex, edit ]
expand	expand tabs to spaces, and vice versa	[ expand, unexpand ]
explain	print wordy sentences; thesaurus for diction	[ diction, explain ]
expr	evaluate arguments as an expression
eyacc	modified yacc allowing much improved error recovery
f77	Fortran 77 compiler
false	provide truth values	[ true, false ]
fgrep	search a file for a pattern	[ grep, egrep, fgrep ]
file	determine file type
find	find files
finger	user information lookup program
fmt	simple text formatter
fold	fold long lines for finite width output device
from	who is my mail from?
gets	get a string from standard input
grep	search a file for a pattern	[ grep, egrep, fgrep ]
head	give first few lines
intro	introduction to commands
iostat	report I/O statistics
join	relational database operator
kill	terminate a process with extreme prejudice
last	indicate last logins of users and teletypes
lastcomm	show last commands executed in reverse order
ld	link editor
learn	computer aided instruction about UNIX
leave	remind you when you have to leave
lex	generator of lexical analysis programs
lint	a C program verifier
lisp	lisp interpreter
liszt	compile a Franz Lisp program
ln	make links
lock	reserve a terminal
login	sign on
look	find lines in a sorted list
lookbib	find and insert literature references in documents	[ refer, lookbib ]
lorder	find ordering relation for an object library
lpq	line printer spooler	[ lpr, lprm, lpq, print ]
lpr	line printer spooler	[ lpr, lprm, lpq, print ]
lprm	line printer spooler	[ lpr, lprm, lpq, print ]
ls	list contents of directory
lxref	lisp cross reference program
m4	macro processor
mail	send and receive mail
make	maintain program groups
man	find manual information by keywords; print out the manual
mesg	permit or deny messages
mkdir	make a directory
mkstr	create an error message file by massaging C source
more	file perusal filter for crt viewing	[ more, page ]
msgs	system messages and junk mail program
mt	magnetic tape manipulating program
mv	move or rename files
neqn	typeset mathematics	[ eqn, neqn, checkeq ]
net	execute a command on a remote machine
netcp	remote copy of files through the net
netlog	print the last few lines of the network log file
netlogin	provide login name and password for a remote machine
netlpr	use a remote lineprinter through the net
netmail	read mail on a remote machine over the network
netq	print contents of network queue
netrm	remove a command from the network queue
nettroff	troff to the phototypesetter over the network
newaliases	rebuild the data base for the mail aliases file
newcsh	description of new csh features (over oldcsh)
newgrp	log in to a new group
nice	run a command at low priority (sh only)	[ nice, nohup ]
nm	print name list
nroff	text formatting and typesetting	[ troff, nroff ]
num	number lines
od	octal dump
page	file perusal filter for crt viewing	[ more, page ]
passwd	change login password
pc	Pascal compiler
pi	Pascal interpreter code translator
pix	Pascal interpreter and executor
pmerge	pascal file merger
pr	print file
print	pr to the line printer
printenv	print out the environment
prmail	print out mail in the post office
prof	display profile data
ps	process status
pti	phototypesetter interpreter
ptx	permuted index
pwd	working directory name
px	Pascal interpreter
pxp	Pascal execution profiler
pxref	Pascal cross-reference program
ranlib	convert archives to random libraries
ratfor	rational Fortran dialect
refer	find and insert literature references in documents	[ refer, lookbib ]
reset	reset the teletype bits to a sensible state
rev	reverse lines of a file
rewind	rewind tape drive
rm	remove (unlink) files	[ rm, rmdir ]
rmdir	remove (unlink) files	[ rm, rmdir ]
script	make typescript of terminal session
sdb	symbolic debugger
sed	stream editor
see	see what a file has in it
sh	command language	[ sh, for, case, if, while, :, ., break, continue, cd, eval, exec, exit, export, login, newgrp, read, readonly, set, shift, times, trap, umask, wait ]
size	size of an object file
sleep	suspend execution for an interval
soelim	eliminate .so’s from nroff input
sort	sort or merge files
spell	find spelling errors	[ spell, spellin, spellout ]
split	split a file into pieces
strings	find the printable strings in a object, or other binary, file
strip	remove symbols and relocation bits
struct	structure Fortran programs
stty	set terminal options
style	analyze surface characteristics of a document
su	substitute user id temporarily
sum	sum and count blocks in a file
symorder	rearrange name list
tabs	set terminal tabs
tail	deliver the last part of a file
tar	tape archiver
tbl	format tables for nroff or troff
tc	photypesetter simulator
tee	pipe fitting
test	condition command
time	time a command
tk	paginator for the Tektronix 4014
touch	update date last modified of a file
tp	manipulate tape archive
tr	translate characters
trman	translate version 6 manual macros to version 7 macros
troff	text formatting and typesetting	[ troff, nroff ]
true	provide truth values	[ true, false ]
tset	set terminal modes
tsort	topological sort
tty	get terminal name
ul	do underlining
uncompact	compress and uncompress files, and cat them	[ compact, uncompact, ccat ]
uniq	report repeated lines in a file
units	conversion program
uptime	show how long system has been up
users	compact list of users who are on the system
vfontinfo	inspect and print out information about unix fonts
vgrind	grind nice listings of programs
vi	screen oriented (visual) display editor based on ex
vmstat	report virtual memory statistics
vpq	raster printer/plotter spooler	[ vpr, vprm, vpq, vprint ]
vpr	raster printer/plotter spooler	[ vpr, vprm, vpq, vprint ]
vprint	raster printer/plotter spooler	[ vpr, vprm, vpq, vprint ]
vprm	raster printer/plotter spooler	[ vpr, vprm, vpq, vprint ]
vtroff	troff to a raster plotter
w	who is on and what they are doing
wait	await completion of process
wall	write to all users
wc	word count
what	show what versions of object modules were used to construct a file
whatis	describe what a command is
whereis	locate source, binary, and or manual for program
which	locate a program file including aliases and paths (csh only)
who	who is on the system
whoami	print effective current user id
write	write to another user
xget	secret mail	[ xsend, xget, enroll ]
xsend	secret mail	[ xsend, xget, enroll ]
xstr	extract strings from C programs to implement shared strings
yacc	yet another compiler-compiler
yes	be repetitively affirmative

1C

call	ring a telephone
cu	call UNIX
uuclean	uucp spool directory clean-up
uucp	unix to unix copy	[ uucp, uulog ]
uudiff	directory comparison between machines
uuencode	encode/decode a binary file for tranmission via mail	[ uuencode, uudecode ]
uuname	unix to unix copy	[ uucp, uulog ]
uusend	send a file to a remote host
uux	unix to unix command execution

1G

graph	draw a graph
plot	graphics filters
spline	interpolate smooth curve

2 (intro)

access	determine accessibility of file
acct	turn accounting on or off
alarm	schedule signal after specified time
brk	change core allocation	[ brk, sbrk, break ]
chdir	change current working directory
chmod	change mode of file
chown	change owner and group of a file
close	close a file
creat	create a new file
dup	duplicate an open file descriptor	[ dup, dup2 ]
exec	execute a file	[ execl, execv, execle, execve, execlp, execvp, exec, exece, environ ]
exit	terminate process
fork	spawn new process
getpid	get process identification
getuid	get user and group identity	[ getuid, getgid, geteuid, getegid ]
indir	indirect system call	[ syscall ]
intro	introduction to system calls and error numbers	[ intro, errno ]
ioctl	control device	[ ioctl, stty, gtty ]
kill	send signal to a process
link	link to a file
lseek	move read/write pointer	[ lseek, tell ]
mknod	make a directory or a special file
mount	mount or remove file system	[ mount, umount ]
mpx	create and manipulate multiplexed files
nice	set program priority
open	open for reading or writing
pause	stop until signal
pipe	create an interprocess channel
profil	execution time profile
ptrace	process trace
read	read from file
setuid	set user and group ID	[ setuid, setgid ]
signal	catch or ignore signals
stat	get file status	[ stat, fstat ]
stime	set time
stty	control device	[ ioctl, stty, gtty ]
sync	update super-block
syscall	indirect system call
time	get date and time	[ time, ftime ]
times	get process times
umask	set file creation mode mask
unlink	remove directory entry
utime	set file times
wait	wait for process to terminate
write	write on a file

2J

getpgrp	set/get process group	[ setpgrp, getpgrp ]
killpg	send signal to a process or a process group
setpgrp	set/get process group	[ setpgrp, getpgrp ]
sigsys	catch or ignore signals
wait3	wait for process to terminate

2V

reboot	reboot system or halt processor
vadvise	give advice to paging system
vfork	spawn new process in a virtual memory efficient way
vhangup	virtually “hangup” the current control terminal
vlimit	control maximum system resource consumption
vread	read virtually
vswapon	add a swap device for interleaved paging/swapping
vtimes	get information about resource utilization
vwrite	write (virtually) to file

3 (intro)

abort	generate a fault
abs	integer absolute value
atof	convert ASCII to numbers	[ atof, atoi, atol ]
crypt	DES encryption	[ crypt, setkey, encrypt ]
ctime	convert date and time to ASCII	[ ctime, localtime, gmtime, asctime, timezone ]
ctype	character classification	[ isalpha, isupper, islower, isdigit, isalnum, isspace, ispunct, isprint, iscntrl, isascii ]
curses	screen functions with “optimal” cursor motion
ecvt	output conversion	[ ecvt, fcvt, gcvt ]
end	last locations in program	[ end, etext, edata ]
frexp	split into mantissa and exponent	[ frexp, ldexp, modf ]
getenv	value for environment name
getfsent	get file system descriptor file entry	[ getfsent, getfsspec, getfsfile, setfsent, endfsent ]
getgrent	get group file entry	[ getgrent, getgrgid, getgrnam, setgrent, endgrent ]
getlogin	get login name
getpass	read a password
getpw	get name from uid
getpwent	get password file entry	[ getpwent, getpwuid, getpwnam, setpwent, endpwent ]
intro	introduction to library functions
l3tol	convert between 3-byte integers and long integers	[ l3tol, ltol3 ]
malloc	main memory allocator	[ malloc, free, realloc, calloc ]
mktemp	make a unique file name
monitor	prepare execution profile
nlist	get entries from name list
perror	system error messages	[ perror, sys_errlist, sys_nerr ]
qsort	quicker sort
rand	random number generator	[ rand, srand ]
regex	regular expression handler	[ re_comp, re_exec ]
setjmp	non-local goto	[ setjmp, longjmp ]
signal	manage signals	[ sigset, signal, sighold, sigignore, sigrelse, sigpause ]
sigset	manage signals	[ sigset, signal, sighold, sigignore, sigrelse, sigpause ]
sleep	suspend execution for interval
string	string operations	[ strcat, strncat, strcmp, strncmp, strcpy, strncpy, strlen, index, rindex ]
swab	swap bytes
system	issue a shell command
termcap	terminal independent operation routines	[ tgetent, tgetnum, tgetflag, tgetstr, tgoto, tputs ]
ttyname	find name of a terminal	[ ttyname, isatty, ttyslot ]
valloc	aligned memory allocator
varargs	variable argument list

3F

getarg

command arguments to Fortran

[ getarg, iargc ]

3J

jobs

summary of job control facilities

3M

exp	exponential, logarithm, power, square root	[ exp, log, log10, pow, sqrt ]
floor	absolute value, floor, ceiling functions	[ fabs, floor, ceil ]
gamma	log gamma function
hypot	Euclidean distance	[ hypot, cabs ]
j0	bessel functions	[ j0, j1, jn, y0, y1, yn ]
sin	trigonometric functions	[ sin, cos, tan, asin, acos, atan, atan2 ]
sinh	hyperbolic functions	[ sinh, cosh, tanh ]

3S

fclose	close or flush a stream	[ fclose, fflush ]
ferror	stream status inquiries	[ feof, ferror, clearerr, fileno ]
fopen	open a stream	[ fopen, freopen, fdopen ]
fread	buffered binary input/output	[ fread, fwrite ]
fseek	reposition a stream	[ fseek, ftell, rewind ]
getc	get character or word from stream	[ getc, getchar, fgetc, getw ]
gets	get a string from a stream	[ gets, fgets ]
popen	initiate I/O to/from a process	[ popen, pclose ]
printf	formatted output conversion	[ printf, fprintf, sprintf ]
putc	put character or word on a stream	[ putc, putchar, fputc, putw ]
puts	put a string on a stream	[ puts, fputs ]
scanf	formatted input conversion	[ scanf, fscanf, sscanf ]
setbuf	assign buffering to a stream
stdio	standard buffered input/output package
ungetc	push character back into input stream

3X

assert	program verification
dbm	data base subroutines	[ dbminit, fetch, store, delete, firstkey, nextkey ]
plot	graphics interface	[ plot: openpl et al. ]

4 (intro)

autoconf	diagnostics from autoconfiguartion code
bk	line discipline for machine-machine communication
cons	VAX-11 console interface
ct	phototypesetter interface
dh	DH-11/DM-11 communications multiplexer	[ dh/dm ]
drum	paging device
dz	DZ-11 communications multiplexer
fl	floppy interface
hk	RK6-11/RK06 and RK07 moving head disk
hp	RP06, RM03, RM05, RM80, RP07 MASSBUS moving-head disk
ht	TM-03/TE-16,TU-45,TU-77 MASSBUS magtape interface
intro	introduction to special files
kmem	main memory	[ mem, kmem ]
lp	line printer
mail	pseudo-device for mail notification
mem	main memory	[ mem, kmem ]
mt	UNIX magtape interface
newtty	summary of the “new” tty driver
null	data sink
rv	Racal/Vadic ACU interface
tm	TM-11/TE-10 magtape interface
ts	TS-11 magtape interface
tty	general terminal interface
up	unibus storage module controller/drives
va	Benson-Varian interface
vp	Versatec interface

5

a.out	assembler and link editor output
acct	execution accounting file
aliases	aliases file for delivermail
ar	archive (library) file format
core	format of memory image file
dir	format of directories
dump	incremental dump format	[ dump, ddate ]
environ	user environment
filsys	format of file system volume	[ filsys, flblk, ino ]
fstab	static information about the filesystems
group	group file
mpxio	multiplexed i/o
mtab	mounted file system table
passwd	password file
plot	graphics interface
stab	symbol table types
termcap	terminal capability data base
tp	DEC/mag tape formats
ttys	terminal initialization data
ttytype	data base of terminal types by port
types	primitive system data types
utmp	login records	[ utmp, wtmp ]
uuencode	format of an encoded uuencode file
vfont	font formats for the Benson-Varian or Versatec
wtmp	user login history

6

aardvark	yet another exploration game
adventure	an exploration game
aliens	The alien invaders attack the earth
arithmetic	provide drill in number facts
backgammon	the game
banner	print large banner on printer
bcd	convert to antique media
boggle	play the game of boggle
chase	Try to escape to killer robots
chess	the game of chess
ching	the book of changes and other cookies	[ ching, fortune ]
cribbage	the card game cribbage
doctor	interact with a psychoanalyst
fish	play “Go Fish”
fortune	print a random, hopefully interesting, adage
hangman	Computer version of the game hangman
mille	play Mille Bournes
monop	Monopoly game
number	convert Arabic numerals to English
quiz	test your knowledge
rain	animated raindrops display
rogue	Exploring The Dungeons of Doom
snake	display chase game	[ snake, snscore ]
trek	trekkie game
worm	Play the growing worm game
worms	animate worms on a display terminal
wump	the game of hunt-the-wumpus
zork	the game of dungeon

7

ascii	map of ASCII character set
eqnchar	special character definitions for eqn
greek	graphics for extended TTY-37 type-box
hier	file system hierarchy
me	macros for formatting papers
term	conventional names	[ terminals ]

8

ac	login accounting
accton	system accounting	[ sa, accton ]
adduser	procedure for adding new users
analyze	Virtual UNIX postmortem crash analyzer
arcv	convert archives to new format
arff	archiver and copier for floppy	[ arff, flcopy ]
bad144	read/write dec standard 144 bad sector information
badsect	create files to contain bad sectors
catman	create the cat files for the manual
chgrp	change owner or group	[ chown, chgrp ]
chown	change owner or group	[ chown, chgrp ]
clri	clear i-node
config	Build system configuration files
crash	what happens when the system crashes
cron	clock daemon
dcheck	file system directory consistency check
delivermail	deliver mail to arbitrary people
dmesg	collect system diagnostic messages to form error log
dump	incremental file system dump
dumpdir	print the names of files on a dump tape
flcopy	archiver and copier for floppy	[ arff, flcopy ]
format	how to format disks
fsck	file system consistency check and interactive repair
getty	set terminal mode
halt	stop the processor
icheck	file system storage consistency check
init	process control initialization
makekey	generate encryption key
mkfs	construct a file system
mklost+found	make a lost+found directory for fsck
mknod	build special file
mount	mount and dismount file system	[ mount, umount ]
ncheck	generate names from i-numbers
old	directory of old programs
pstat	print system facts
quot	summarize file system ownership
rc	command script for auto-reboot and daemons
reboot	UNIX bootstrapping procedures
renice	alter priority of running process by changing nice
restor	incremental file system restore
sa	system accounting	[ sa, accton ]
savecore	save a core dump of the operating system
shutdown	close down the system at a given time
sticky	executable files with persistent text
swapon	specify additional device for paging and swapping
sync	update the super block
update	periodically update the super block
vipw	edit the password file with vi
vpac	print raster printer/ploter accounting information

c

man

macros to typeset manual

heading

macros for formatting manuscripts

Museum

Anchors

Manual — UNIX 4.1BSD

1 (intro)

1C

1G

2 (intro)

2J

2V

3 (intro)

3F

3J

3M

3S

3X

4 (intro)

5

6

7

8

c

heading