NAME

awk − pattern scanning and processing language

SYNOPSIS

awk [ −f program_file ] [ −Fc ] [ program ] [ variable=value ... ] [ file ... ]

DESCRIPTION

Awk scans each of its input files for lines that match any of a set of patterns specified in program. The input files are read in order; the standard input is read if there are no files. The filename − means the standard input. 

The set of patterns may either appear literally on the command line as program, or, by using the −f option, the set of patterns may be in a program_file; a program_file of − means the standard input.  If the program is specified on the command line, it should be enclosed in single quotes (′) to protect it from the shell. 

awk variables may be set on the command line using arguments of the form variable=value.  This causes the awk variable variable to be set to the value value before the first record of the next file argument that follows the variable=value argument is read. 

With each pattern in program there can be an associated action that will be performed when a line of a file matches the pattern.  See the discussion below for the format of input lines and the awk language.  Each line in each input file is matched against the pattern portion of every pattern-action statement; the associated action is performed for each matched pattern. 

OPTIONS

−f program_file
Use the contents of program_file as the source for the program. 

−F cUse the character c as the field separator (FS) character.  See the discussion of FS below. 

LINES, STATEMENTS, AND THE AWK LANGUAGE

Input Lines
An input line is made up of fields separated by white space. The field separator can be changed by using FS — see below. Fields are denoted $1, $2, ..., up to $9; $0 refers to the entire line. 

Pattern-action Statements
A pattern-action statement has the form

pattern { action }

A missing action means copy the line to the output; a missing pattern always matches. 

An action is a sequence of statements.  A statement can be one of the following:

if ( conditional ) statement [ else statement ]
while ( conditional ) statement
for ( expression ; conditional ; expression ) statement
break
continue
{ [ statement ] ... }
variable = expression
print [ expression-list ] [ >expression ]
printf format [ , expression-list ] [ >expression ]
next# skip remaining patterns on this input line
exit# skip the rest of the input

Format of the Awk Language
Statements are terminated by semicolons, newlines or right braces.  An empty expression-list stands for the whole line. 

Expressions take on string or numeric values as appropriate, and are built using the operators +, −, ∗, /, %, and concatenation (indicated by a blank).  The C operators ++ , −− , += , −= , ∗= , /= , and %= are also available in expressions. 

Variables may be scalars, array elements (denoted x[i]) or fields.  Variables are initialized to the null string.  Array subscripts may be any string, not necessarily numeric, providing a form of associative memory.  String constants are quoted "...". 

The print statement prints its arguments on the standard output (or on a file if >file is present), separated by the current output field separator, and terminated by the output record separator.  The printf statement formats its expression list according to the format template format (see printf(3S) for a description of the formatting control characters).

Built In Functions
The built-in function length returns the length of its argument taken as a string, or of the whole line if no argument.  There are also built-in functions exp, log, sqrt, and int, where int truncates its argument to an integer.  substr(s, m, n) returns the n-character substring of s that begins at position m. sprintf(format, expr, expr, ...) formats the expressions according to the printf(3S) format given by format and returns the resulting string. 

Patterns
Patterns are arbitrary Boolean combinations ( !, ││, &&, and parentheses) of regular expressions and relational expressions.  Regular expressions must be surrounded by slashes and are as in egrep. Isolated regular expressions in a pattern apply to the entire line. Regular expressions may also occur in relational expressions.

A pattern may consist of two patterns separated by a comma; in this case, the action is performed for all lines between an occurrence of the first pattern and the next occurrence of the second. 

A relational expression is one of the following:

expression matchop regular-expression
expression relop expression

where a relop is any of the six relational operators in C, and a matchop is either ~ (for “contains”) or !~ (for “does not contain”).  A conditional is an arithmetic expression, a relational expression, or a Boolean combination of these. 

The special pattern BEGIN may be used to capture control before the first input line is read, in which case BEGIN must be the first pattern.  The special pattern END may be used to capture control after the last input line is read, in which case END must be the last pattern. 

Special Variable Names
A single character c may be used to separate the fields by starting the program with

BEGIN { FS = "c" }

or by using the −Fc option. 

Other variable names with special meanings include NF, the number of fields in the current record; NR, the ordinal number of the current record; FILENAME, the name of the current input file; OFS, the output field separator (default blank); ORS, the output record separator (default newline); and OFMT, the output format for numbers (default %.6g). 

EXAMPLES

Print lines longer than 72 characters:

length > 72

Print first two fields in opposite order:

{ print $2, $1 }

Add up first column, print sum and average:

{ s += $1 }
END{ print "sum is", s, " average is", s/NR }

Print fields in reverse order:

{ for (i = NF; i > 0; −−i) print $i }

Print all lines between start/stop pairs:

/start/, /stop/

Print all lines whose first field is different from previous one:

$1 != prev { print; prev = $1 }

SEE ALSO

Using UNIX Text Utilities on the Sun Workstation
sed(1V), grep(1V), lex(1)

BUGS

Input white space is not preserved on output if fields are involved. 

There are no explicit conversions between numbers and strings.  To force an expression to be treated as a number add 0 to it; to force it to be treated as a string concatenate the null string ("") to it. 

Syntax errors result in the cryptic message "awk: bailing out near line 1."

Sun Release 3.2  —  Last change: 1 February 1985