NAME

routed − network routing daemon

SYNOPSIS

/etc/routed [ −s ] [ −q ] [ −t ]

DESCRIPTION

Routed is invoked at boot time to manage the network routing tables.  The routing daemon utilizes a variant of the Xerox NS Routing Information Protocol in maintaining up to date kernel routing table entries. 

In normal operation routed listens on udp(4P) socket 520 (decimal) for routing information packets.  If the host is an internetwork router, it periodically supplies copies of its routing tables to any directly connected hosts and networks.

When routed is started, it reads from /dev/kmem to find those directly connected interfaces configured into the system and marked “up” (the software loopback interface is ignored).  If multiple interfaces are present, it is assumed the host will forward packets between networks.  Routed then transmits a request packet on each interface (using a broadcast packet if the interface supports it) and enters a loop, listening for request and response packets from other hosts. 

When a request packet is received, routed formulates a reply based on the information maintained in its internal tables.  The response packet generated contains a list of known routes, each marked with a “hop count” metric (a count of 16, or greater, is considered “infinite”).  The metric associated with each route returned provides a metric relative to the sender.

Response packets received by routed are used to update the routing tables if one of the following conditions is satisfied:

(1) No routing table entry exists for the destination network or host, and the metric indicates the destination is “reachable” (that is, the hop count is not infinite). 

(2) The source host of the packet is the same as the router in the existing routing table entry.  That is, updated information is being received from the very internetwork router through which packets for the destination are being routed. 

(3) The existing entry in the routing table has not been updated for some time (defined to be 90 seconds) and the route is at least as cost effective as the current route. 

(4) The new route describes a shorter route to the destination than the one currently stored in the routing tables; the metric of the new route is compared against the one stored in the table to decide this. 

When an update is applied, routed records the change in its internal tables and generates a response packet to all directly connected hosts and networks.  Routed waits a short period of time (no more than 30 seconds) before modifying the kernel’s routing tables to allow possible unstable situations to settle. 

In addition to processing incoming packets, routed also periodically checks the routing table entries.  If an entry has not been updated for 3 minutes, the entry’s metric is set to infinity and marked for deletion.  Deletions are delayed an additional 60 seconds to insure the invalidation is propagated throughout the internet. 

Hosts acting as internetwork routers gratuitously supply their routing tables every 30 seconds to all directly connected hosts and networks. 

OPTIONS

−s Force routed to supply routing information whether it is acting as an internetwork router or not. 

−q The opposite of the −s option. 

−t Print all packets sent or received on the standard output.  In addition, routed will not divorce itself from the controlling terminal so that interrupts from the keyboard will kill the process. 

FILES

/dev/kmemto find the network interfaces,
/etc/gatewaysto find connected gateways not running a version of routed.

SEE ALSO

"Internet Transport Protocols", XSIS 028112, Xerox System Integration Standard. 
"4.2BSD Routing Protocol", by Sam Leffler.
udp(4P)

BUGS

The kernel’s routing tables may not correspond to those of routed for short periods of time while processes utilizing existing routes exit; the only remedy for this is to place the routing process in the kernel. 

Routed should listen to intelligent interfaces, such as an IMP, and to error protocols, such as ICMP, to gather more information. 

Sun System Release 0.3  —  27 March 1983