NAME

od − file dump (octal, decimal, hex, ascii)

SYNOPSIS

od [ format ] [ file ] [ [+] offset [.][b] [ label ] ]

DESCRIPTION

Od displays the specified file or its standard input, in one or more dump formats as selected by the first argument.  If the first argument is missing, −o is the default.  Dumping continues until end-of-file. 

OPTIONS

The meanings of the format argument characters are:

−aoption
Interprets bytes as characters and display them with their ACSII names. If you specify the p option as well, od underlines bytes with even parity.  If you specify the P option, od underlines bytes with odd parity.  With neither option, od ignores the parity bit. 

−b Interprets bytes as unsigned octal. 

−c Interprets bytes as ASCII characters.  Certain non-graphic characters appear as C escapes:

null=\0,
backspace=\b
formfeed=\f
newline=\n
return=\r
tab=\t

Others appear as 3-digit octal numbers.  Od displays bytes with the parity bit set in octal. 

−d Interprets (short) words as unsigned decimal. 

−f Interprets long words as floating point. 

−h Interprets (short) words as unsigned hexadecimal. 

−i Interprets (short) words as signed decimal. 

−l Interprets long words as signed decimal. 

−o Interprets (short) words as unsigned octal. 

−s[n]
Looks for strings of ascii graphic characters, terminated with a null byte. N specifies the minimum length string to be recognized.  By default, the minimum length is 3 characters. 

−v Shows all data. By default, display lines that are identical to the last line shown are not output, but are indicated with an “∗” in column 1. 

−w[n]
Specifies the number of input bytes to be interpreted and displayed on each output line. If you do not specify w, od reads 16 bytes for each display line.  If n is not specified, it defaults to 32. 

x Interprets (short) words as hexadecimal. 

An upper case format character implies the long or double precision form of the object. 

The offset argument specifies the byte offset into the file where dumping is to commence.  By default od interprets this argument in octal.  You can specify a different radix.  Appending “.” to the argument tells od to interpret the offset in decimal.  To have the offset interpreted in hexadecimal, begin the offset with “x” or “0x”.  If you append “b” (“B”) to the offset, od interprets the offset as a block count, where a block is 512 (1024) bytes.  If you omit the file argument, you must precde the offset argument with a “+”. 

The radix of the displayed address will be the same as the radix of the offset, if specified.  Otherwise, it will be octal.

Od interprets label as a pseudo-address for the first byte displayed.  Od displays it in “()” following the file offset.  It is intended for use with core images to indicate the real memory address.  The syntax for label is identical to that for offset.

SEE ALSO

adb(1)

BUGS

A filename argument cannot begin with “+”.  A hexadecimal offset cannot be a block count.  Only one filename argument can be given. 

It is an historical error to require specification of object, radix, and sign representation in a single character argument. 

4th Berkeley Distribution  —  April 29, 1985