LEX(1)

NAME

lex − generate programs for lexical analysis of text

SYNOPSIS

lex [ −rctvn ] [ −X<secondary><n> ... ] [ file ] ...

DESCRIPTION

Lex generates programs to be used in simple lexical analysis of text.

The input files contain strings and expressions to be searched for, and C text to be executed when strings are found. Multiple files are treated as a single file. If no files are specified, the standard input is used.

A file lex.yy.c is generated which, when loaded with the library, copies the input to the output except when a string specified in the file is found; then the corresponding program text is executed. The actual string matched is left in yytext, an external character array. Matching is done in order of the strings in the file. The strings may contain square brackets to indicate character classes, as in [abx−z] to indicate a, b, x, y, and z; and the operators ∗, +, and ? mean respectively any non-negative number of, any positive number of, and either zero or one occurrences of, the previous character or character class. The character . is the class of all ASCII characters except new-line. Parentheses for grouping and vertical bar for alternation are also supported. The notation r{d,e} in a rule indicates between d and e instances of regular expression r. It has higher precedence than |, but lower than ∗, ?, +, and concatenation. The character ^ at the beginning of an expression permits a successful match only immediately after a new-line, and the character $ at the end of an expression requires a trailing new-line. The character / in an expression indicates trailing context; only the part of the expression up to the slash is returned in yytext, but the remainder of the expression must follow in the input stream. An operator character may be used as an ordinary symbol if it is within " symbols or preceded by \. Thus [a−zA−Z]+ matches a string of letters.

Three subroutines defined as macros are expected: input() to read a character; unput(c) to replace a character read; and output(c) to place an output character. They are defined in terms of the standard streams, but you can override them. The program generated is named yylex(), and the library contains a main() which calls it. The action REJECT on the right side of the rule causes this match to be rejected and the next suitable match executed; the function yymore() accumulates additional characters into the same yytext; and the function yyless(p) pushes back the portion of the string matched beginning at p, which should be between yytext and yytext+yyleng. The macros input and output use files yyin and yyout to read from and write to, defaulted to stdin and stdout, respectively.

Any line beginning with a blank is assumed to contain only C text and is copied; if it precedes %% it is copied into the external definition area of the lex.yy.c file. All rules should follow a %%, as in yacc(1). Lines preceding %% which begin with a non-blank character define the string on the left to be the remainder of the line; it can be called out later by surrounding it with {}. Note that curly brackets do not imply parentheses; only string substitution is done.

The flags, which must appear before any files, are as follows:

−r indicates ratfor(1) actions;

−c indicates C actions − this is the default;

−t causes the lex.yy.c program to be written instead to the standard output;

−v provides a one-line summary of statistics for the machine generated;

−n suppresses printing of the − summary.

The −X<secondary><n> option allows the sizes of certain internal lex tables to be reset. Secondary is one of the letters from the set { d D s S a c } and specifies the table; n is the new size. Tables whose size can be changed by using secondary letters are:

d table of definitions; default = 200.

D table of characters in definition strings; default = 5000.

s table of start conditions; default = 50.

S table of characters in start condition names; default = 500.

c array table for storing character classes; default = 1000.

a right context/action array table; default = 100.

If an array overflows, lex issues a fatal error message including a suggestion of which table to reset. For example:

Definitions too long, try −XD option

Certain table sizes for the resulting finite state machine can be set in the definitions section:

%p n number of positions is n (default is 2500);

%n n number of states is n (default is 500);

%e n number of parse tree nodes is n (default is 1000);

%a n number of transitions is n (default is 2000).

%k n number of packed character classes is n (default is 1000);

%o n size of output array is n (default is 3000);

The use of one or more of the preceding table options automatically implies −v, unless −n is specified.

External names generated by lex all begin with the prefix yy or YY.

EXAMPLE

D[0−9]
%%
ifprintf("IF statement\n");
[a−z]+printf("tag, value %s\n",yytext);
0{D}+printf("octal number %s\n",yytext);
{D}+printf("decimal number %s\n",yytext);
"++"printf("unary op\n");
"+"printf("binary op\n");
"/∗"{loop:
while (input() != ′∗′);
switch (input())
{
case ′/′: break;
case ′∗′: unput(′∗′);
default: go to loop;
}
}

BUGS

The −r option is not yet fully operational.

The token buffer in the program built by lex is of fixed length,
yytext[YYLMAX]
where YYLMAX is defined to be 200 characters. Overflow of this array is not detected in the yylex.c program.

INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT

8-bit data and filenames.

Hewlett-Packard Company — April 12, 1993

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