Manual — UNIX V6

I. Commands

ar	archive and library maintainer
as	assembler
bas	basic
bc	arbitrary precision interactive language
cat	concatenate and print
cc	C compiler
cdb	C debugger
chdir	change working directory
chmod	change mode
cmp	compare two files
comm	print lines common to two files
cp	copy
cref	make cross reference listing
date	print and set the date
db	debug
dc	desk calculator
dd	convert and copy a file
diff	differential file comparator
dsw	delete interactively
du	summarize disk usage
echo	echo arguments
ed	text editor
eqn	typeset mathematics
exit	terminate command file
fc	Fortran compiler
file	determine file type
find	find files
goto	command transfer
grep	search a file for a pattern
if	conditional command
kill	terminate a process
ld	link editor
ln	make a link
login	sign onto UNIX
ls	list contents of directory
mail	send mail to designated users
man	run off section of UNIX manual
mesg	permit or deny messages
mkdir	make a directory
mv	move or rename a file
neqn	typeset mathematics on terminal
newgrp	log in to a new group
nice	run a command at low priority
nm	print name list
nohup	run a command immune to hangups
nroff	format text
od	octal dump
opr	off line print
passwd	change login password
pfe	print floating exception
pr	print file
prof	display profile data
ps	process status
pwd	working directory name
rc	Ratfor compiler
rev	reverse lines of a file
rm	remove (unlink) files
rmdir	remove directory
roff	format text
sh	shell (command interpreter)
shift	adjust Shell arguments
size	size of an object file
sleep	suspend execution for an interval
sort	sort or merge files	[ sort, usort ]
spell	find spelling errors
split	split a file into pieces
strip	remove symbols and relocation bits
stty	set typewriter options
tee	pipe fitting
time	time a command
tp	manipulate DECtape and magtape
tr	transliterate
troff	format text
tty	get typewriter name
typo	find possible typos
uniq	report repeated lines in a file
wait	await completion of process
wc	word count
who	who is on the system
write	write to another user
yacc	yet another compiler-compiler

II. System Calls (intro)

break	change core allocation	[ break, brk, sbrk ]
chdir	change working directory
chmod	change mode of file
chown	change owner and group of a file
close	close a file
creat	create a new file
csw	read console switches
dup	duplicate an open file descriptor
exec	execute a file	[ exec, execl, execv ]
exit	terminate process
fork	spawn new process
fstat	get status of open file
getgid	get group identifications
getpid	get process identification
getuid	get user identifications
gtty	get typewriter status
indir	indirect system call
intro
kill	send signal to a process
link	link to a file
mknod	make a directory or a special file
mount	mount file system
nice	set program priority
open	open for reading or writing
pipe	create an interprocess channel
profil	execution time profile
ptrace	process trace
read	read from file
seek	move read/write pointer
setgid	set process group ID
setuid	set process user ID
signal	catch or ignore signals
sleep	stop execution for interval
stat	get file status
stime	set time
stty	set mode of typewriter
sync	update super-block
time	get date and time
times	get process times
umount	dismount file system
unlink	remove directory entry
wait	wait for process to terminate
write	write on a file

III. Subroutines

abort	generate an IOT fault
abs	absolute value	[ abs, fabs ]
alloc	core allocator	[ alloc, free ]
atan	arc tangent function	[ atan, atan2 ]
atof	convert ASCII to floating
atoi	convert ASCII to integer
crypt	password encoding
ctime	convert date and time to ASCII	[ ctime, localtime, gmtime ]
ecvt	output conversion	[ ecvt, fcvt ]
end	last locations in program	[ end, etext, edata ]
exp	exponential function
floor	floor and ceiling functions	[ floor, ceil ]
fmod	floating modulo function
fptrap	floating point interpreter
gamma	log gamma function
getarg	get command arguments from Fortran	[ getarg, iargc ]
getc	buffered input	[ getc, getw, fopen ]
getchar	read character
getpw	get name from UID
hmul	high-order product
ierror	catch Fortran errors
ldiv	long division	[ ldiv, lrem ]
locv	long output conversion
log	natural logarithm
monitor	prepare execution profile
nargs	argument count
nlist	get entries from name list
perror	system error messages	[ perror, sys_errlist, sys_nerr, errno ]
pow	floating exponentiation
printf	formatted print
putc	buffered output	[ putc, putw, fcreat, fflush ]
putchar	write character	[ putchar, flush ]
qsort	quicker sort
rand	random number generator	[ rand, srand ]
reset	execute non-local goto	[ reset, setexit ]
setfil	specify Fortran file name
sin	trigonometric functions	[ sin, cos ]
sqrt	square root function
ttyn	return name of current typewriter

IV. Special Files

cat	phototypesetter interface
dc	DC-11 communications interface
dh	DH-11 communications multiplexer
dn	DN-11 ACU interface
dp	DP-11 201 data-phone interface
hp	RH-11/RP04 moving-head disk
hs	RH11/RS03-RS04 fixed-head disk file
ht	RH-11/TU-16 magtape interface
kl	KL-11 or DL-11 asynchronous interface
lp	line printer
mem	core memory	[ mem, kmem, null ]
pc	PC-11 paper tape reader/punch
rf	RF11/RS11 fixed-head disk file
rk	RK-11/RK03 (or RK05) disk
rp	RP-11/RP03 moving-head disk
tc	TC-11/TU56 DECtape
tm	TM-11/TU-10 magtape interface
tty	general typewriter interface

V. File Formats and Conventions

a.out	assembler and link editor output
archive	archive (library) file format	[ ar ]
ascii	map of ASCII character set
core	format of core image file
directory	format of directories	[ dir ]
dump	incremental dump tape format
fs	format of file system volume
greek	graphics for extended TTY-37 type-box
group	group file
mtab	mounted file system table
passwd	password file
tabs	set tab stops
tp	DEC/mag tape formats
ttys	typewriter initialization data
utmp	user information
wtmp	user login history

VI. User-maintained Programs

azel	satellite predictions
bj	the game of black jack
cal	print calendar
chess	the game of chess
col	filter reverse line feeds
cubic	three dimensional tic-tac-toe
factor	discover prime factors of a number
fed	edit form letter memory
form	form letter generator
graph	draw a graph
gsi	interpret extended character set on GSI terminal
m6	general purpose macroprocessor
moo	guessing game
plot	graphics filters	[ plot: tek, gsip, vt0 ]
primes	print all primes larger than somewhat
quiz	test your knowledge
sky	obtain ephemerides
sno	Snobol interpreter
speak	word to voice translator
spline	interpolate smooth curve
tbl	format tables for nroff or troff
tmg	compiler-compiler
ttt	the game of tic-tac-toe
units	conversion program
wump	the game of hunt-the-wumpus

VII. User-maintained Subroutines

cr	coroutine scheme	[ crfork, crexit, crread, crwrite, crexch, crprior ]
ms	macros for formatting manuscripts
plot	graphics interface	[ plot: openpl et al. ]
salloc	string allocation and manipulation

VIII. Maintenance

ac	login accounting
bproc	UNIX startup	[ boot procedures ]
chgrp	change group
chown	change owner
clri	clear i-node
crash	what to do when the system crashes
cron	clock daemon
dcheck	file system directory consistency check
df	disk free
dpd	data phone daemon
dump	incremental file system dump
getty	set typewriter mode
glob	generate command arguments
icheck	file system storage consistency check
init	process control initialization
lpd	line printer daemon
mkfs	construct a file system
mknod	build special file
mount	mount file system
ncheck	generate names from i-numbers
restor	incremental file system restore
sa	Shell accounting
su	become privileged user
sync	update the super block
umount	dismount file system
update	periodically update the super block
wall	write to all users

Museum

Anchors

Manual — UNIX V6

I. Commands

II. System Calls (intro)

III. Subroutines

IV. Special Files

V. File Formats and Conventions

VI. User-maintained Programs

VII. User-maintained Subroutines

VIII. Maintenance